一、翻译的定义：

1. 罗曼?雅克布逊Roman Jacobson: translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language;

2. 奈达（美国）Nida: translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

2、翻译的类型

1、译原文作者为中心的翻译：author-centered translation；以译文读者为中心的翻译：reader-centered translation；

2、提出者：罗曼·雅克布逊roman Jacobson：

语内翻译intralingual translation、

语际翻译interlingual translation、

符际翻译intersemiotic translation

3、翻译元素：

翻译过程：translating

译作A translation

译者translator

4、西方的一些观点：

1、泰勒tytler: the translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; the style and manner should be of the same character with that of the original; the translation should have all the ease of original composition.

2.be faithful to its spirit ,sense, and style;

3.语义翻译semantic translation：纽马克newmark（英国）成名作《翻译研究途径》（Approaches to Translation,1981）中所提出的“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”

之说在翻译教学与翻译研究界几乎人人皆知，至今仍有其理论价值与实践价值。他的另一本代表作《翻译教科书》（A Textbook of Translation,1988）成了世界各地许多大学的翻译教材或参考书籍。虽然他后来的几本书如《关于翻译》(About Translation)《翻译研究散论》(Paragraphs on Translation)等未能引起较大的反响，但是这并不影响他在英国翻译界的地位。

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.

Semantic translation: It differs from“faithful translation”only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.

Communicative translation: Defined by Newmark as one of two modes of translation (see also SEMANTIC TRANSLATION), in which“the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers”(1981/1988:22).